Computer Networks-1 collection

It is possible to connect a number of computers and other electronic devices to create a computer network. The computers and devices which are part of the network can "talk" to each other and exchange information. In addition to the computers and devices which are connected, other devices are often needed for the network to work correctly. Examples for such devices include hubs and switches. Different kinds of network can be connected to each other with a router. Firewalls are commonly used to protect the network. In general, networks that use cables to connect can operate at higher speeds than those using wireless technology.

A Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers which are close together. Building a LAN is easier than connecting different networks (by a Wide Area Network). The largest Wide Area Network is the Internet.

Computers can be part of several different networks. Networks can also be parts of bigger networks. The local area network in a small business is usually connected to the corporate network of the larger company. These connections may allow access to the Internet. For example, a shop may use it to show merchandise on its Web site through a web server, or to convert received orders into shipping instructions.

A network must be connected with appropriate hardware. This can be wired or wireless. For a simple LAN, computers, media and peripherals are sufficient. WANs and some large LANs need some additional devices like a bridge, gateway or router to connect different small or large networks. So for having knowledge about all this we study computer networks-1 i.e. it provides basic knowledge regarding networking between computers .

Topics covered :-

• Introduction to Computer Networks
• Data Flow
• Computer network and its goals
• Broadcast and point to point
• Networks, Network topologies, Network software: concept of layers, protocols, interfaces and services.
• ISO-OSI reference model, TCP/IP reference model

Physical Layer

• Concept of Analog & Digital Signal, Bandwidth
• Transmission Impairments: Attenuation, Distortion,
• Noise, Data rate limits : Nyquist formula
• Shannon Formula
• Multiplexing : Frequency Division, Time Division, Wavelength Division
• Introduction to Transmission Media : Twisted pair, Coaxial cable, Fiber
• Wireless transmission (radio, microwave, infrared), Switching: Circuit Switching, Message
• Switching 
• Packet Switching & their comparisons.

Data Link Layer

• Design issues
• Framing
• Error detection and correction codes: checksum
• CRC, hamming code
• Data link
• Protocols for noisy and noiseless channels
• Sliding Window Protocols: Stop & Wait ARQ, Go-back-N
• ARQ, Selective repeat ARQ
• Data link protocols: HDLC and PPP

Medium Access Sub-Layer

• Static and dynamic channel allocation
• Random Access: ALOHA, CSMA protocols, Controlled Access:
• Polling
• Token Passing
• IEEE 802.3 frame format
• Ethernet cabling
• Manchester encoding, collision
• detection in 802.3
• Binary exponential back off algorithm.

Network Layer

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